Links Between Language and Culture

Links Between Language and Culture The objective of my research My research is based on understanding about how culture is linked to language and verse-visa. This topic wonders me sometimes; I was unable to get a better understanding. I know it is very confusing, hard to understand as people always argue about it and limited of resources to actually find out about the truth. There are too many researchers giving different interpretation and perceptions about language and culture. I am very curious and interested in giving my own opinion and do some research of what has been described liked before. I hope that my reader will have bigger picture. The context of my article is as follows: Jump to: The differences between language and culture How language and culture connects with each other? How language interacts with culture? How language interacts with context? How words are extracted from culture? How phrases are extracted from culture? (example of the Mayas)(Chinese words or characters) Why culture and language is important? Biography The difference between language and culture Language is a form of communication that is used by human beings and animals. Through this communication, is used through either none and verbal communication. Studying just language can be classify as phonology and grammar where phonology represents sounds which has different sets of phonemes that makes understand and learn the proper pronunciation. Grammar can further be categorized as morphology which combing sounds and morphemes are sounds combined in larger units used in making a normal speech. Non communication is another type of communication that includes facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of smell, sense of touch, and body motions. Language is always argued but it is said that language is a component of culture because much of the rest of it normally transmitted orally. Its impossible to understand the subtle nuances and deep meaning of another culture without knowing its language well. Culture gives the perceptions of identification within a society, where we are identifying individually or group. Language influences our culture and the way how we think as most people say that language is part of our culture because its the way how we used and see it within our environment, therefore its the way how we interpret it because anthropologies found out that it depends how people identify or categorize things in the environment and that provides important insights into the interests, concerns, and values of their culture. It influence our language because from since we were born, we have our first language, the language we are the language we were thought this comes from our parents generation, therefore our native language is part of our identity and which tells us more about our culture. Like for example, in Belize, there are three kinds of Mayas existing, namely Mopan, Kekchi, and the Yucate, but the big question always rose as to how we differentiate ourselves. We identify ourselves by the language we speak, the culture we are living, our beliefs, although some things are simila r but we have different approaches of doing things. Language is all about culture and culture is all about language, because this is main basic product of human, then human uses language to communicate with this then commutation brings the culture to the society. For example as mentioned culture is a product of language and language is a product of culture therefore these interpretation how the world see language and culture and to assume culture is to know a culture is knowing a language. Its not necessarily that one should know a culture or must know the culture, in my personal opinion it there must be something that should be known, because this relates each other. For example, I am in Taiwan studying, I do know little about their language, and little about their culture which fits to know the reality about the people and the environment. While others do know about the culture but know a little or none about the language. Nevertheless with further research I found out about an article published in 1990 by the world declaration on education for all (WDEFA) mentioning literacy in the mother tongue strengthens cultural identity and heritage. Based on my understanding, since language relates to each other, any mother tongue language spoken should be maintained so keep up the culture meaning that that language should be readable and writable. Comparing and looking at the history of the Mayas, the most interesting part of Maya is there writing systems, like their pictograph the picture images with universal meaning, ideographic-picture image with arbitrary meanings, logograph which is the units in writing representing whole words, syllable units represent syllables and alphabet units representing sounds that are How language and culture connects with each other? Language and culture are connected in several other intricate and dynamic ways. The language is a product of culture and simultaneously the culture is shaped by how the language allows us to view it. In any kind of language things are view differently but it must orient in a friendly manner. The background of most inhabitants of a culture are similar because we centuries ago we tend to hear the same stories that were said. Language connects culture in many ways, through changing the needs and trends in culture, For example words and expressions maybe needed to express concept that are been discovered or even been invented. These discovery or inventions are used in everyday life. Since culture describes the way live and think while language shows the way we speak and express ourselves becomes changeable from time to time and places, for example, there are some words that described or distinguish people living in rural or urban areas. On the other hand some words used mean the opposite in different places; both can have a positive or negative point of view so there particularly these happen due to changes in culture. How language interacts with context? Context is a notion used in the language science (linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse analaysisi, pragmatics, semiotics) in two different ways namely as verbal and social context Verbal context referes to surrounding text or talk of an expression(word sentence conversational turn, speech act ext) influences the way we understand the expression Social context were defined in terms of objective social variables such as those of class gebder or race more rescently, tend to be defined interms of social indentity being construed and displayes in text and talk by languages uses Language interacting with context form are extremely difficult to delineate because sometimes things are hard to differentiate especially when deciding whether certain things belongs to a culture and also when making decision The context of culture is language socialization, ths merges ti the communication practices with the context of culture. Studying the language perspective is the pursuit of cultural underpinning thea give meaning to the communication interaction between expert and novice member within and cross contexts of situation. Researchers theorize about culture within different theoretical frameworks, looking culture to which includes bodies of knowledge, structures and of understanding, concepts of the world, and collective representation which are extrinsic to any individual and contain more information that any individual could know or learn. How words are extracted from culture? Extracting words from culture are the most difficult to describe because culture concentrates from various aspects of human life and history. An example of words extracted from culture is tequila as that is essence of Mexico which symbolizes its culture. The other article that I had read is about the Chinese folk model of facial expressions which was analyzed at linguistic perspective view. This research was provides how facial expression are perceived and interpreted by people in the Chinese language. Also the findings are about how facial is encoded from culture view of perceptions and conceptions of a face which are not commonly reflects in the English language Let me continue about how the Mayas got their words. The Mayas spoke many languages as well and the languages are transcribed via hieroglyphs and other written on substances. They painted their words on bark paper that has disintegrated, while just two were presumed to be prestigious forms of the Maya language which were said to be from southern area and one from the Yucatan peninsula, Epigraphy, which means writing on something, refers to writing on an enduring substance like stone. As such, it was impressed, inscribed, or chiseled rather than written with the stylus or reed pen applied to ordinarily decaying media like paper and papyrus. Common topics of epigraphy include epitaphs, dedications, honors, laws, and magisterial registers The Rosetta Stone, which is housed in the British Museum, is a black, possibly basalt slab with three languages on it (Greek, demotic and hieroglyphs) each saying the same thing. Because the words are translated into the other languages, the Rosetta Stone provided a key to understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs As the origins of the Maya languages are rose in the western hemisphere from three major families, then splitted into dialects, as the time changes, the languages were changing too and became distinct. There were words, vocabulary that reflects importance things in every culture, most of the time one word can having different meanings in different cultures. The language structure of the mayas sounds similar, while the features difference in meanings based on sounds namely pitch of vowels, glottalization of consonants, glottal stop. The history studied mention that when the Spanish developed the roman alphabet for the maya language they ignored glottal and tone distinctions. The maya language is considered to be polysynthetic referring to one complex word expressed many ideas and the word order are structured as verb-object-subject or verb subject. There is no femine and masculine pronouns but prefixes signal the genders for example naixil Few researchers like Woodbury view the purpose of languages that its linked to essential cultural content. He first described what can be transmitted and interpreted by the native speaker is more complete than if another language is used to convey the same message. For example the use of directional in Man and other Mayan languages is a linguistic trait which conveys and decisive meanings besides the idea of direction. These speakers can communicate and comprehend the metaphorical ideas that are added to messages. Secondly he describe that if a group of people loses their native language, their cultural heritage is also lost. Another example will be some of the Chinese words linking to Chinese culture and beliefs. Like for example a wedding cards that are designed, it is design in a traditional that refers to good blessing, a drawing or a word written or a Chinese character ?on the card signifies blessing, unlimited fortune and happiness. Chinese characters usually have one or more meanings and some of them are particularly loved by Chinese people. Here is the top ten list of the lucky ones. Fu Blessing, Good Fortune, Good Luck Fu is one of the most popular Chinese characters used in Chinese New Year. It is often posted upside down on the front door of a house or an apartment. The upside down fu means good luck came since the character for upsite down in Chinese sounds the same as the character for came. Lu Prosperity It used to mean officials salary in feudal China. Fengshui is believed to be the Chinese way to health, wealth and happiness. If you are interested in Fengshui, you may check out the book The Feng Shui Kit. Shou Longevity Shou also means life, age or birthday. Xi Happiness Double happiness is usually posted everywhere on Chinese weddings. Cai wealth, money Chinese often say money can make a ghost turn a millstone. It is to say money really can do a lot of things. He harmonious People harmony is an important part of Chinese culture. When you have harmonious relations with others, things will be a lot easier for you. Ai love, affection Dont need to say any more about this one. Just want to point out ai is often used with mianzi together. Aimianzi means be concerned about ones face-saving. Mei beautiful, pretty The United States of American is called Mei Guo in the short form. Guo means country so Meiguo is a good name. Ji lucky, auspicious, propitious Hope all is well. De virtue, moral De means virtue, moral, heart, mind, and kindness, etc. It is also used in the name for Germany, i.e., De Guo. How phrases are extracted from culture? Phrases are extracted from culture that express or expand imagination of a reader and a listener Why culture and language is important? Culture is so important because these practices can continue to be passing on to generations to generation and younger generation will be able to see and read about what had existed long ago. This refers to practices of beliefs, religion, lifestyle, or traditions and festivals and this is what makes a community representing culture. Any culture represents the principle of an individuals life because it is so unique for this counts the attitudes, personality, and other behavior characteristics. While language is main tool used every day, be it different dialect, it still makes us survive. This is the only we can communicate or spread ideas from one to another. Therefore language make us identify ourselves of who we are and while culture describe what we do. Language and culture is so important when doing business, presently in most parts of the world things are quite good because they interact with each other and by being successful each country needs to understand the different languages and most of all needs to know the general background of a countrys culture. The main advantage of being able to speak another language is that it allows easy communication among each other. Therefore learning another language gives us deeper understand of the culture, gives sensitivity to have us maintain strong relationships. Biography I am the second child of Mr. and Mrs. Cresencio Cho Sr. born on September 11 in a lovely village named San Antonio Village, Toledo District, Belize. My primary school days were great; I enjoyed it a lot and earned few awards. My secondary education was quite challenging but I still made it through with the help of my parents. After completing my high school, I began working as receptionist at a resort, cashier at the one of the high schools cafeteria in southern Belize, then became interested in teaching, did three years of elementary teaching under the Catholic mission, then decide to change my career. I apply for a scholarship with the international cooperation development fund of Taiwan and I was fortunate to receive it, and thats how I came to Taiwan, Presently, I am a senior student, majoring in business administration. My hobbies are cooking, chatting, singing, listening to music, and sewing, meeting new friends. I love travelling, since 3 years living in Taiwan, I love the country, environment, the convenience it has and of course the people who are always welcoming. I became interested in taking this class with professor Blundell, language and culture, I really enjoyed the content of the class, especially in sharing his experience, this motivate me that I want to experience the same if I get the opportunity although my major is business. I mostly enjoyed the outing arrangement, visiting the museum, this make the class more interesting getting to know more about Taiwans culture especially to learn about the indigenous people. Learning about the indigenous people of Taiwan makes me compare my cultural background, I belong to the indigenous group of my country Belize known as the Mayas, particularly I belong to the Mopan Maya group, Belize has three types of Mayas, the Mopan, the Ketchi, the Yucate. From what I observe and learn, we do have some similarities in our lifestyles. The only difference is the way how live, because like for example, ancestral objects can still be seen, the offerings, the beliefs, This class is very beneficial, if theres another similar course as this one, I will be more than interested to learn more. I am willing to share my knowledge based on what I have seen, I have heard what I have learned, what I personally experience being here for four years.

Taboos: Cultures

In the world we live in there are multiple taboos. Depending on your culture, religion and beliefs many strange and bizarre things are completely normal to some people and even animals throughout the world. Taboos are what people find to be strange and unusual practices or what unique things people may do or eat in different parts of the world. Different cultures would consider strange things to eat as a delicacy in some areas or cultures and wouldn’t even dream of being eaten in other cultures. Sometimes they could even be forbidden or illegal by certain beliefs. Some religious taboos even reach to the extreme of whether or not to wear clothing. Cultures in different parts of the world believe in living in a non urban life style and not wearing any clothing, which is considered a nudist colony. Different taboos are accepted in parts of the world for traditional reasons, cultural beliefs and a variety of religion beliefs. In some parts of the world, people or cultures enjoy very different foods and consider these delicacies. In some cultures they hunt for their food. These cultures never waste any part of the animal’s body. All of the animal’s body parts are edible to them. They will even eat all the organs of the animal. These cultures actually believe that certain organs are aphrodisiacs. These delicacies are very rare and hard to locate. This is the reason why they are considered a delicacy and are so expensive. Some different examples, I found interesting in cultures throughout the world: They would include people eating insects anyway you can imagine. However, you would never find these in an American restaurant. Another is in some areas rats are like field animals and people eat them like they are a squirrel or rabbit. American on the other hand thinks that rats are dirty and disgusting animals. This is because they live in filth in city sewage and garbage dumps. Also, rats carry multiple diseases. In other countries the rats live in fields, eat grass and seeds. The rats are raised in a very different environment in other countries. The rats are sold at local village markets. Manifest functions and dysfunctions are conscious and deliberate, the latent ones the unconscious and unintended and unrecognizable. I realize that these cultures taboos are to survive and this is why they don’t waste anything. In some cultures and countries this is always the case because look at America. In our country people take advantage of just having money and being able to go buy whatever they want. Many people in our country waste things including foods. They wouldn’t even dream of eating organs or insects. They buy their food and when finished most people throw the leftovers in the garbage. Without even thinking twice about it and in other countries people and children don’t even get one meal a day let alone 3 or 4 snacks whenever they want them. Manifest functions are the consequences that people observe or expect and the latent functions are those that are neither recognized nor intended. A latent function of a behavior is not explicitly stated, recognized, or intended by the people involved. So many of these cultures are actually latent because these taboos are very important to them for the fact of survival not as a delicacy as some rich people looking for these types of foods. They hunt because they have to in order to survive. Along with eating every part of the animal because wasting any part on the animal will be less food for them to eat, especially since they may not find more food for a day or maybe a few. In my opinion, I feel that to these cultures or religions taboos are very positive to them. Because they use their surroundings and the earth to survive and they don’t waste anything because they appreciate that they actually do have whatever food they caught for that day or week. Some cultures even use the rest of the animal such as fur and bones to make things.

The Unexpected Truth About Contemporary Issues Topics

The Unexpected Truth About Contemporary Issues Topics Taking a look at the tradition of teaching in a larger context gives you the ability to explore a number of the issues you will face, and the evolving expectations of your function in a policy-led atmosphere. Education is potentially the most important aspect in an individual's success in society. Within this globalize world the organizations are needed to understand the requirements of their employees in order to handle the challenges of the changing external atmosphere. Nonetheless, the stability mission isn't in good standing with the country's political leaders and the American men and women. Human resource management is a rather important concern for all of the companies today. There are a couple of questions that I must answer to go together with the presentation as well 1. The other issues are rather important, but this one is on top of his list. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in compar ison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, an enormous quantity of curiosity and capacity to think beyond the box and search info in unconventional sources. Human energy usage is responsible for approximately 85 percent of all of the particulate matter and nearly all the sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides released into the atmosphere. Autism is a neurobiological condition which affects several elements of the brain. Meeting the expectation of patients is thought to be a priority in healthcare business and it's hard enough to realize. Every nation's aim is to boost its income through tourism. There are plenty of measures that could be taken considering the contemporaries. The African nations have gotten major beneficiaries of the business. The beginning of campaigning for the mid-term elections is under a calendar year away. Despite the attractions the tourists need excellent accommodation and far better health services. Tourism and the economy Tourism has been shown to be a pillar in the majority of world economies. The tourism market has to adopt policies that are directed at attracting a huge number of tourists. Individuals are moving fast to find the attraction places until they disappear rendering tourism still the most fascinating portion of the economy. Ultimately it's the duty of every student to finish their necessary work in time. Missing classes isn't acceptable and arriving late will damage your participation grade. Any student who feels they need more help can establish an opportunity to cover the material during my 1st hr. These challenges would be sufficient for any organization to handle. Type of Contemporary Issues Topics Writing an intriguing essay about trendy topics is an opportunity to reveal your understanding of earth. Employing ableism supplies an effective manner of ad dressing ableist discrimination. Your essay may concentrate on gender issues from different portions of the world such as women rights in the Middle East and so forth. If you wish to compose a controversial essay, you definitely must look for the very best social issues topics or satire topics. In general, literature has turned out to be among the best strategies to understand and combat the difficult social problems that shape our world. Women's literature has an extensive tradition in Western literature, but nonetheless, it only begun to obtain recognition in the 19th century. Therefore it is essential for all of the firms to outline a suitable human resource development plan alongside strategies to implement them. The most significant thing is that each one of the departments of any firm are in coordination with one another. Another step to the strategy building might include the decrease in status differentials. Decentralized work planning is a measure taken to make certain that all employees take part i n company decisions. 1 possibility is to check at unemployment. 1 issue from the past that should be addressed again is the essence of land warfare in the existence of nuclear weapons. For instance, a high unemployment rate which affects millions of people is a social matter. As a consequence, social issues can be raised by the unequal distribution of funding between public schools, including that seen in the usa. You can look for different kinds of a word (different word endings of the very same word), by typing the first couple of letters followed by means of an asterisk. Expert help in academic writing is always a better choice for students should they want to secure great grades. It is critical that you also have ready access to a great current college dictionary. You may make more elaborate searches using the words AND, OR, NOT, in conjunction with parentheses.

Independent Study

Sometimes gifted students want to learn about topics that are not offered at their own schools. Fortunately, these students do have an option when it comes to their studies. Independent study is a great way to shape a program to your own personal needs. What Is an Independent Study? An independent study is a course of study that a student pursues... well, independently. Students plan a course of study in cooperation with a willing advisor who also sticks around to make sure that the student stays on track and completes assignments and tests. Students pursue independent study for a variety of reasons. Usually, students look to independent study when they have an interest in a special topic that’s not offered at most high schools. Some examples of special topics would be courses like Asian-American history, British Literature, or Chinese language. Beware! There are a few things to consider before you begin. First, you must be sure that you have space for an elective course in your diploma program. Don’t attempt an independent study if there is a chance that it will send you off your diploma schedule! Secondly, you want to make sure that any pre-packaged course you choose is sponsored by a reputable institution. There are some seedy programs out there. How Does It Work? Generally, there are two types of independent study programs: pre-packaged courses and self-designed courses. You will find that there are many pre-packaged online programs available from colleges and universities around the nation. While independent study courses have been a part of college studies for a long time, high schools are just getting around to offering independent studies for students. As a matter of fact, if you attend a small high school you may find that there is no policy at all. You may be the first student to ask, which means you’ll have some work to do. Check with your counselor to make sure that an independent study will fit in your diploma program. Of course, you want to graduate on time! Once you know it’s feasible, you can initiate the process of independent study by asking a teacher or counselor to serve as advisor. You will work with the advisor to decide the type of program to pursue. Designing Your Own Independent Study If you decide to develop a program, you may need to come up with a proposal package that you will submit to a panel of teachers, the guidance counselor, or the principal. Again, every school will have its own policy. In your proposal, you should include a course topic description, a syllabus, a list of reading materials, and a list of assignments. Your advisor may or may not choose to test you on the material. Often the final research paper will suffice. Pre-Packaged Independent Study Programs Many universities offer high school-level online independent study courses or courses that you complete through the mail. University programs have many advantages. The programs have been designed by university staff, and quite often they are monitored by staff as well. They are less work for you and your advisor. However, they do have one big drawback. You guessed it—the price! Individual courses normally cost a few hundred dollars. You can sample a few programs that are available through Brigham Young University and the University of Oklahoma.

Essay on Winter Solstice - 1411 Words

Winter Solstice The elemental threads woven into the tapestry of traditions we call the Winter Solstice are light, hope, and charity. In the midst of the winter darkness, we beseech the light to return to us with its warmth and fertility, we maintain hope for a healthy and prosperous life, and we share with others, those blessings that we have so graciously been given through kind and thoughtful acts of charity. Dancing through five thousand years of human history, these themes enfold this season in a rich, layered collage of celebrations, folklore and tradition. The mythological creation story recorded in the Pentateuch of the Judeo-Christian Scripture begins that imagery of light: When the Spirit of Life began to create the heavens†¦show more content†¦But what causes the seasons is something completely different from that change of distance. The variety of seasons is caused by the Earth,s slight leaning on its axis (23 degrees and 27 minutes off the perpendicular to the plane of orbit). Winter Solstice occurs when our hemisphere is leaning farthest away from the sun, putting the sun at the lowest arc in the sky and providing the shortest amount of daylight for the year. This planetary pose is what causes all the variety of our climate and all the drama and poetry which flows through the celebrations of our seasons. The mythologies of this event gave an explanation to our ancestors and, probably more important, gave the event meaning, a meaning we are anxiously attempting to recover today. The celebrations of the Winter Solstice are universal and perhaps much older than we can know. At the root of these ceremonies was an ancient fear that the dying light would never return unless humans intervened with anxious vigil and antic celebrations. 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Electricity †A Secondary Energy Source Free Essays

string(24) " cancel out each other\." A Secondary Source The Science of Electricity How Electricity is Generated/Made The Transformer – Moving Electricity Measuring Electricity energy calculator links page recent statistics A SECONDARY SOURCE Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is a secondary energy source which means that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources. The energy sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is neither renewable or non-renewable. We will write a custom essay sample on Electricity – A Secondary Energy Source or any similar topic only for you Order Now Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. Many cities and towns were built alongside waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with Benjamin Franklin’s experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood. Thomas Edison helped change everyone’s life — he perfected his invention — the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, direct current (DC) electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct current. Tesla’s inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes and to power industrial machines. Despite its great importance in our daily lives, most of us rarely stop to think what life would be like without electricity. Yet like air and water, we tend to take electricity for granted. Everyday, we use electricity to do many jobs for us — from lighting and heating/cooling our homes, to powering our televisions and computers. Electricity is a controllable and convenient form of energy used in the applications of heat, light and power. THE SCIENCE OF ELECTRICITY developed by the National Energy Education Development Project In order to understand how electric charge moves from one atom to another, we need to know something about atoms. Everything in the universe is made of atoms—every star, every tree, every animal. The human body is made of atoms. Air and water are, too. Atoms are the building blocks of the universe. Atoms are so small that millions of them would fit on the head of a pin. Atoms are made of even smaller particles. The center of an atom is called the nucleus. It is made of particles called protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are very small, but electrons are much, much smaller. Electrons spin around the nucleus in shells a great distance from the nucleus. If the nucleus were the size of a tennis ball, the atom would be the size of the Empire State Building. Atoms are mostly empty space. If you could see an atom, it would look a little like a tiny center of balls surrounded by giant invisible bubbles (or shells). The electrons would be on the surface of the bubbles, constantly spinning and moving to stay as far away from each other as possible. Electrons are held in their shells by an electrical force. The protons and electrons of an atom are attracted to each other. They both carry an electrical charge. An electrical charge is a force within the particle. Protons have a positive charge (+) and electrons have a negative charge (-). The positive charge of the protons is equal to the negative charge of the electrons. Opposite charges attract each other. When an atom is in balance, it has an equal number of protons and electrons. The neutrons carry no charge and their number can vary. The number of protons in an atom determines the kind of atom, or element, it is. An element is a substance in which all of the atoms are identical (the Periodic Table shows all the known elements). Every atom of hydrogen, for example, has one proton and one electron, with no neutrons. Every atom of carbon has six protons, six electrons, and six neutrons. The number of protons determines which element it is. Electrons usually remain a constant distance from the nucleus in precise shells. The shell closest to the nucleus can hold two electrons. The next shell can hold up to eight. The outer shells cans hold even more. Some atoms with many protons can have as many as seven shells with electrons in them. The electrons in the shells closest to the nucleus have a strong force of attraction to the protons. Sometimes, the electrons in the outermost shells do not. These electrons can be pushed out of their orbits. Applying a force can make them move from one atom to another. These moving electrons are electricity. STATIC ELECTRICITY Electricity has been moving in the world forever. Lightning is a form of electricity. It is electrons moving from one cloud to another or jumping from a cloud to the ground. Have you ever felt a shock when you touched an object after walking across a carpet? A stream of electrons jumped to you from that object. This is called static electricity. Have you ever made your hair stand straight up by rubbing a balloon on it? If so, you rubbed some electrons off the balloon. The electrons moved into your hair from the balloon. They tried to get far away from each other by moving to the ends of your hair. They pushed against each other and made your hair move—they repelled each other. Just as opposite charges attract each other, like charges repel each other. MAGNETS AND ELECTRICITY The spinning of the electrons around the nucleus of an atom creates a tiny magnetic field. Most objects are not magnetic because the atoms are arranged so that the electrons spin in different, random directions, and cancel out each other. You read "Electricity – A Secondary Energy Source" in category "Papers" Magnets are different; the molecules in magnets are arranged so that the electrons spin in the same direction. This arrangement of atoms creates two poles in a magnet, a Northseeking pole and a South-seeking pole. Bar Magnet A magnet is labeled with North (N) and South (S) poles. The magnetic force in a magnet flows from the North pole to the South pole. This creates a magnetic field around a magnet. Have you ever held two magnets close to each other? They don’t act like most objects. If you try to push the South poles together, they repel each other. Two North poles also repel each other. Turn one magnet around and the North (N) and the South (S) poles are attracted to each other. The magnets come together with a strong force. Just like protons and electrons, opposites attract. These special properties of magnets can be used to make electricity. Moving magnetic fields can pull and push electrons. Some metals, like copper have electrons that are loosely held. They can be pushed from their shells by moving magnets. Magnets and wire are used together in electric generators. BATTERIES PRODUCE ELECTRICITY A battery produces electricity using two different metals in a chemical solution. A chemical reaction between the metals and the chemicals frees more electrons in one metal than in the other. One end of the battery is attached to one of the metals; the other end is attached to the other metal. The end that frees more electrons develops a positive charge and the other end develops a negative charge. If a wire is attached from one end of the battery to the other, electrons flow through the wire to balance the electrical charge. A load is a device that does work or performs a job. If a load––such as a lightbulb––is placed along the wire, the electricity can do work as it flows through the wire. In the picture above, electrons flow from the negative end of the battery through the wire to the lightbulb. The electricity flows through the wire in the lightbulb and back to the battery. ELECTRICITY TRAVELS IN CIRCUITS Electricity travels in closed loops, or circuits (from the word circle). It must have a complete path before the electrons can move. If a circuit is open, the electrons cannot flow. When we flip on a light switch, we close a circuit. The electricity flows from the electric wire through the light and back into the wire. When we flip the switch off, we open the circuit. No electricity flows to the light. When we turn a light switch on, electricity flows through a tiny wire in the bulb. The wire gets very hot. It makes the gas in the bulb glow. When the bulb burns out, the tiny wire has broken. The path through the bulb is gone. When we turn on the TV, electricity flows through wires inside the set, producing pictures and sound. Sometimes electricity runs motors—in washers or mixers. Electricity does a lot of work for us. We use it many times each day. HOW ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire. A typical generator at a power plant uses an electromagnet—a magnet produced by electricity—not a traditional magnet. The generator has a series of insulated coils of wire that form a stationary cylinder. This cylinder surrounds a rotary electromagnetic shaft. When the electromagnetic shaft rotates, it induces a small electric current in each section of the wire coil. Each section of the wire becomes a small, separate electric conductor. The small currents of individual sections are added together to form one large current. This current is the electric power that is transmitted from the power company to the consumer. An electric utility power station uses either a turbine, engine, water wheel, or other similar machine to drive an electric generator or a device that converts mechanical or chemical energy to generate electricity. Steam turbines, internalcombustion engines, gas combustion turbines, water turbines, and wind turbines are the most common methods to generate electricity. Most power plants are about 35 percent efficient. That means that for every 100 units of energy that go into a plant, only 35 units are converted to usable electrical energy. Most of the electricity in the United States is produced in steam turbines. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) to mechanical energy. Steam turbines have a series of blades mounted on a shaft against which steam is forced, thus rotating the shaft connected to the generator. In a fossil-fueled steam turbine, the fuel is burned in a furnace to heat water in a boiler to produce steam. Coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas are burned in large furnaces to heat water to make steam that in turn pushes on the blades of a turbine. Did you know that most electricity generated in the United State comes from burning coal? In 2007, nearly half (48. 5%) of the country’s 4. 1 trillion kilowatthours of electricity used coal as its source of energy. Natural gas, in addition to being burned to heat water for steam, can also be burned to produce hot combustion gases that pass directly through a turbine, spinning the blades of the turbine to generate electricity. Gas turbines are commonly used when electricity utility usage is in high demand. In 2007, 21. 6% of the nation’s electricity was fueled by natural gas. Petroleum can also be used to make steam to turn a turbine. Residual fuel oil, a product refined from crude oil, is often the petroleum product used in electric plants that use petroleum to make steam. Petroleum was used to generate about two percent (2%) of all electricity generated in U. S. electricity plants in 2007. Nuclear power is a method in which steam is produced by heating water through a process called nuclear fission. In a nuclear power plant, a reactor contains a core of nuclear fuel, primarily enriched uranium. When atoms of uranium fuel are hit by neutrons they fission (split), releasing heat and more neutrons. Under controlled conditions, these other neutrons can strike more uranium atoms, splitting more atoms, and so on. Thereby, continuous fission can take place, forming a chain reaction releasing heat. The heat is used to turn water into steam, that, in turn, spins a turbine that generates electricity. Nuclear power was used to generate 19. 4% of all the country’s electricity in 2007. Hydropower, the source for 5. % of U. S. electricity generation in 2007, is a process in which flowing water is used to spin a turbine connected to a generator. There are two basic types of hydroelectric systems that produce electricity. In the first system, flowing water accumulates in reservoirs created by the use of dams. The water falls through a pipe called a penstock and applies pressure against t he turbine blades to drive the generator to produce electricity. In the second system, called run-of-river, the force of the river current (rather than falling water) applies pressure to the turbine blades to produce electricity. Geothermal power comes from heat energy buried beneath the surface of the earth. In some areas of the country, enough heat rises close to the surface of the earth to heat underground water into steam, which can be tapped for use at steam-turbine plants. This energy source generated less than 1% of the electricity in the country in 2007. Solar power is derived from the energy of the sun. However, the sun’s energy is not available full-time and it is widely scattered. The processes used to produce electricity using the sun’s energy have historically been more expensive than using conventional fossil fuels. Photovoltaic conversion generates electric power directly from the light of the sun in a photovoltaic (solar) cell. Solar-thermal electric generators use the radiant energy from the sun to produce steam to drive turbines. In 2007, less than 1% of the nation’s electricity was based on solar power. Wind power is derived from the conversion of the energy contained in wind into electricity. Wind power, less than 1% of the nation’s electricity in 2007, is a rapidly growing source of electricity. A wind turbine is similar to a typical wind mill. Biomass includes wood, municipal solid waste (garbage), and agricultural waste, such as corn cobs and wheat straw. These are some other energy sources for producing electricity. These sources replace fossil fuels in the boiler. The combustion of wood and waste creates steam that is typically used in conventional steam-electric plants. Biomass accounts for about 1% of the electricity generated in the United States. THE TRANSFORMER – MOVING ELECTRICITY To solve the problem of sending electricity over long distances, William Stanley developed a device called a transformer. The transformer allowed electricity to be efficiently transmitted over long distances. This made it possible to supply electricity to homes and businesses located far from the electric generating plant. The electricity produced by a generator travels along cables to a transformer, which changes electricity from low voltage to high voltage. Electricity can be moved long distances more efficiently using high voltage. Transmission lines are used to carry the electricity to a substation. Substations have transformers that change the high voltage electricity into lower voltage electricity. From the substation, distribution lines carry the electricity to homes, offices and factories, which require low voltage electricity. MEASURING ELECTRICITY Electricity is measured in units of power called watts. It was named to honor James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine. One watt is a very small amount of power. It would require nearly 750 watts to equal one horsepower. A kilowatt represents 1,000 watts. A kilowatthour (kWh) is equal to the energy of 1,000 watts working for one hour. The amount of electricity a power plant generates or a customer uses over a period of time is measured in kilowatthours (kWh). Kilowatthours are determined by multiplying the number of kW’s required by the number of hours of use. For example, if you use a 40-watt light bulb 5 hours a day, you have used 200 watthours, or 0. 2 kilowatthours, of electrical energy. See our Energy Calculator section to learn more about converting units. Last Revised: May 2009 Sources: Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2007, August 2008 . The National Energy Education Development Project, Intermediate Energy Infobook, 2007. How to cite Electricity – A Secondary Energy Source, Papers

Strategy and Management Methodology and Design

Question: Discuss about the Strategy and Management for Methodology and Design. Answer: Business Research Topic The research title/topic for this research study is to explore the role of accounting software in maintaining the financial efficiency and accuracy of the banks and financial institutes: in the context of the Australia banking industry. Today, many kinds of accounting software such as, Reckon, MYOB Xero and others software are used by the financial institutions and banking firms to maintain the financial efficiency and accuracy of their financial or business activities. This business research would analyze different kinds of accounting software used by the banks and financial institutes in Australia to maintain their financial and business operations efficiency and accuracy. In this research, Australian banking industry will be targeted through selected banks and financial institutes those using accounting software to provide e-banking and e-commerce services to the customers. This research study will be beneficial for banks and financial institutes to improve their banking services by offering online, secure, time efficient, offering an innovative and seamless experience of customers. Literature Review According to Duncan Elliott (2004), in the past decade, after the development of e-commerce and internet banking, security related accounting issues and other accuracy related problems are faced by the banks and financial organizations. So, in order to avoid such issues, Australian banks and financial institutions are using accounting software to improve the financial efficiency and accuracy of the financial activities. For case, such organizations use the accounting software like Xero for supplying financial services (Xero Limited, 2014). Al-Hawari Ward (2006) stated that, in the Australia banking industry, different kinds of accounting software such as MYOB, Xero, Reckon, and others are utilized by the banks and financial institutes to maintain their bank accounts, credit or debit cards transactions, and feed frequency that helped them in maintaining the financial efficiency and accuracy of the financial or business activities. In addition, different financial organizations in the Australia are using MYOB (Australias leading accounting software) that provides transactions option of the customers directly feed into MYOBs cloud accounting software as well as BankLink Practice (Chowdhury, 2016). The entire transaction process occurs online, secure, time efficient, offering an innovative and seamless client experience as well as maintain the financial efficiency and transactions accuracy for the banks and financial institutions. The research questions help the researchers to identify research problems or opportunity related to research topic. The following are the main research questions that indicated the problem and opportunity exist in this research study that would help the researcher to accomplish the research objectives: Why the most of the banks and financial institutes uses accounting software in the Australia? What are the advantages or benefits of using computerized accounting software for the banks and financial organizations? How the computerized accounting software improves banks feeds time and financial efficiency of the banks and financial institutes? What are the ways used to improve accuracy and efficiency of the financial services? Research Methodologies and Techniques This research methodology section describes different methods, approaches, tools and techniques in order to complete a research study with proper justification of selection. This selected research problem is solved by applying the qualitative and quantitative research design such as by collecting the primary and secondary data or information regarding the research topic (Mackey and Gass, 2015). The primary data is collected through conducting questionnaire survey on employees and managers of banks and financial institutes and secondary data collects through conducting literature review. Research Process Description A research is conducted by using systematic process that helps the researcher to gather multitude of information, so that they can reach the conclusion by accomplishing research objectives. The following are the main steps of this research process: Step first: Identify the problem: The first step of business research process is identifying a business problem and that will be solved by researcher through collecting the multitude of information. The researcher is also develops research questions in this step to identify problem or opportunity (Jonker and Pennink, 2010). Step second: Literature review: In this step, the researcher collects the secondary data or information by collecting information about the different views of authors or scholars. This step plays a key role in developing the foundational knowledge about the problem area, so the researcher can be able to reach realistic outcome or conclusion of the study (Flick, 2015). In addition, the researcher finds several articles and information from the scholars, books or published sources, banks official sites or annual reports, and other authentic online sites. Step third: Clarify the problem, clearly define concepts or methods and define population: After the literature has been reviewed, the researcher will clarify the research problem and narrowing the scope of the research project. This section clearly defines the research methods, approaches, designs and data collection methods used by the researcher to fulfill the aims and objectives of the study. In this way, it provides direction to the researcher to complete the research study with accomplish the aim and objectives (Bergh and Ketchen, 2009). Step fourth: Data collection and analysis: This section of the research mainly focus on collecting and analyzing the data or information by using primary and secondary sources to identify the solution of this research problem. Data Collection Data Analysis The data or information would be collected by using primary and secondary methods such as a mixed of qualitative and quantitative research design methods in this study. Moreover, Random sampling is used to select the employees and managers of banks and financial institutes in order to collect their views on accounting software role in maintaining the financial efficiency and accuracy of business. Moreover, limited amount of data would be collected; therefore the statistics data analysis techniques would not applied in this research (Silverman, 2016). Description of Expected Research Outcomes: The expected outcomes pointed that accounting software improve banks feeds and provide secure and safe financial services to the customers that helps banks or financial organizations to maintain their accuracy or efficiency. Accounting software links the banks and financial institutes with their all branches, employees and customers that enhance transparency, efficiency and accuracy of financial transaction and financial services (Al-Hawari and Ward, 2006). References Al-Hawari, M. and Ward, T. (2006). The effect of automated service quality on Australian banks' financial performance and the mediating role of customer satisfaction. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 24(2), pp. 127-147. Bergh, D. and Ketchen, D. (2009). Research Methodology in Strategy and Management. United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing. Chowdhury, S. (2016). MYOB partners with American Express to deliver an accounting software industry first. Available At: https://www.myob.com/au/blog/myob-partners-with-american-express-to-deliver-an-accounting-software-industry-first/ {Accessed On: 08 Sept 2016}. Duncan, E. and Elliott, G. (2004). Efficiency, customer service and financial performance among Australian financial institutions. International Journal of bank marketing, 22(5), pp. 319-342. Flick, U. (2015). Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. USA: Sage. Jonker, B. and Pennink, B. (2010). The Essence of Research Methodology: A Concise Guide for Master and PhD Students in Management Science. Germany: Springer. Mackey, A. and Gass, S. M. (2015). Second language research: Methodology and design. UK: Routledge. Silverman, D. (2016). Qualitative research. USA: Sage. Xero Limited. (2014). Australian banks and financial institutions supplying direct feeds to Xero. Available At: https://help.xero.com/DirectFeeds-AU{Accessed On: 08 Sept 2016}.